De
In this dialogue, "De" means "the" before the neighbor in "De buur". It is used with a specific noun, such as "De buur"; use it when referring to a particular person or thing.
buur
In "De buur", "buur" means "neighbor". The word identifies the person living nearby, so you can use "De buur" when discussing that person at home.
was
In this dialogue, "was" means "was" and describes the neighbor’s state last night. It is the past form used with "De buur" in "De buur was gisteravond nogal luidruchtig"; use this pattern to describe a past situation.
gisteravond
"Gisteravond" means "last night" and gives the time of the noisy situation. It is used as a time expression in "was gisteravond"; use it when talking about the previous evening.
nogal
Here, "nogal" means "quite" or "rather" and strengthens the description "nogal luidruchtig". It is placed before the description, so use "nogal" when you want to say that something has a fairly strong quality.
luidruchtig
In this dialogue, "luidruchtig" means "noisy" and describes the neighbor. It follows "was" in "was gisteravond nogal luidruchtig"; use it to describe a person or situation that makes a lot of noise.
Ik
"Ik" means "I" and marks the speaker as the person who heard the music. It is the subject in "Ik hoorde harde muziek"; use it at the start when describing your own experience.
hoorde
In "Ik hoorde harde muziek", "hoorde" means "heard" and refers to something the speaker perceived. It is the past form used with "Ik"; use this pattern when reporting what you heard.
harde
"Harde" means "loud" here and describes the music in "harde muziek". It comes directly before "muziek"; use the same adjective-plus-noun pattern when describing the volume of music.
muziek
In this dialogue, "muziek" means "music", specifically the loud music that was heard. It is the object in "Ik hoorde harde muziek"; use it when talking about music as something you hear.
terwijl
"Terwijl" means "while" and connects the music being heard with the attempt to sleep. In "terwijl we probeerden te slapen", it introduces the activity happening at the same time; use it to link two simultaneous actions.
we
"We" means "we" and refers to the people trying to sleep. It is the subject in "we probeerden te slapen"; use it when speaking about yourself together with other people.
probeerden
In "we probeerden te slapen", "probeerden" means "tried" and describes an attempt to sleep. It is used with "we" and followed by "te slapen"; use this pattern when describing an attempt to do something.
te
Here, "te" is used before "slapen" to connect the attempt with the action being attempted. The exact pattern is "probeerden te slapen"; use "te" before the following verb in this kind of attempt construction.
slapen
"Slapen" means "sleep" in the construction "te slapen". It names the action the speakers were trying to do; use it after "te" in this pattern.
Zullen
At the start of "Zullen we een beleefd bericht achterlaten?", "Zullen" introduces a suggestion meaning "Shall we...?". Use "Zullen we" when proposing a joint action politely.
een
In "een beleefd bericht", "een" means "a" and introduces one unspecified message. It comes before the description and noun; use it when mentioning something that has not been identified as a specific item.
beleefd
"Beleefd" means "polite" and describes the message the speakers want to leave. It appears in "een beleefd bericht"; use it before a noun when describing respectful communication.
bericht
In this dialogue, "bericht" means "message" and refers to the note for the neighbor. It is the object in "een beleefd bericht achterlaten"; use it when discussing a written or spoken message.
achterlaten
"Achterlaten" means "leave behind" in "een beleefd bericht achterlaten". It is the action proposed after "Zullen we"; use this pattern when saying that someone will leave an item somewhere.
moeten
In "We moeten het vriendelijk houden", "moeten" expresses that the speakers should or must keep the message friendly. It is used with "We" and followed by the action "het vriendelijk houden"; use it to give advice or state an obligation.
het
In "het vriendelijk houden", "het" means "it" and refers to the message. The same form appears in "het bericht" with the meaning "the"; use the surrounding words to identify which function it has.
vriendelijk
Here, "vriendelijk" means "friendly" and describes the intended tone of the message. It is part of "het vriendelijk houden"; use this pattern when saying that something should remain friendly.
houden
In "het vriendelijk houden", "houden" contributes the meaning "keep", as in keeping the message friendly. It follows "moeten" in "We moeten het vriendelijk houden"; use this construction when maintaining a particular quality.
niet
"Niet" means "not" and negates the angry way the message might sound. In "niet boos laten klinken", it comes before the description and action; use it to reject or deny a quality or action.
boos
In "niet boos laten klinken", "boos" means "angry" and describes how the message should not sound. It is used to describe the tone of communication; use it when discussing an angry attitude or impression.
laten
Here, "laten" helps express making the message sound a certain way in "boos laten klinken". Together with "klinken", it describes the intended effect on the message; use this construction when controlling how something comes across.
klinken
In "niet boos laten klinken", "klinken" means "sound" and refers to the impression made by the message. It follows "laten" in this construction; use it when describing how a statement or message comes across.
zal
In "Ik zal zeggen", "zal" expresses the speaker’s intention to say something. It is used with "Ik" and followed by "zeggen"; use this pattern when stating what you will do.
zeggen
"Zeggen" means "say" in "Ik zal zeggen dat...". It names the communication action after "zal"; use this pattern when introducing the content you intend to say.
dat
In "Ik zal zeggen dat we door het lawaai niet konden slapen", "dat" introduces the content of what will be said. Use it to connect a statement with the information being reported.
door
Here, "door" means "because of" and introduces the cause in "door het lawaai". It links the noise to the inability to sleep; use this preposition before a cause in a similar explanation.
lawaai
In "door het lawaai", "lawaai" means "noise" and is presented as the cause of the sleeping problem. It follows "het" in the cause phrase; use it when referring to unwanted or noticeable noise.
konden
In "we door het lawaai niet konden slapen", "konden" means "could" and describes the speakers’ inability to sleep because of the noise. It is used with "niet" before "slapen"; use this pattern when explaining that a past situation prevented an action.
Voeg
At the start of "Voeg toe", "Voeg" means "add" and gives a direct instruction. Together with "toe", it tells someone to include more information; use "Voeg toe" when asking someone to add something.
toe
In "Voeg toe", "toe" contributes the idea of adding something to what is already there. It completes the instruction with "Voeg"; use the exact expression "Voeg toe" when requesting an addition.
weten
In "we weten dat avonden druk kunnen zijn", "weten" means "know" and refers to shared awareness. It is followed by "dat" and the information known; use this pattern when stating that someone knows a fact.
avonden
"Avonden" means "evenings" and refers to evenings that may be busy. It is the subject in "avonden druk kunnen zijn"; use it when discussing evening time in general.
kunnen
In "avonden druk kunnen zijn", "kunnen" means "can" and expresses the possibility that evenings are busy. It comes before "zijn"; use this pattern when describing a possible situation.
zijn
Here, "zijn" means "be" and connects "avonden" with the description "druk". It follows "kunnen" in "druk kunnen zijn"; use it after a modal expression when describing a state.
druk
In "avonden druk kunnen zijn", "druk" means "busy" and describes the evenings. It appears before "kunnen zijn" as the description of the subject; use it when explaining that a time or situation has many activities.
Daardoor
"Daardoor" means "as a result" and links the added information to the softer, clearer effect on the message. It appears at the start of "Daardoor klinkt het bericht zachter en duidelijker"; use it to introduce a result caused by something previously mentioned.
zachter
In this dialogue, "zachter" means "softer" and describes the tone of the message. It is paired with "duidelijker" in "zachter en duidelijker"; use this form when comparing a tone with a less gentle one.
en
"En" means "and" and joins the two descriptions "zachter" and "duidelijker". Use it to connect two qualities or actions in the same statement.
duidelijker
Here, "duidelijker" means "clearer" and describes the result of the message wording. It is joined to "zachter" in "zachter en duidelijker"; use this form when saying that something is easier to understand than before.
bij
In "bij hun deur", "bij" means "near" or "at" and indicates the location where the message will be placed. Use it before a place or object to describe something being located nearby or at that spot.
hun
"Hun" means "their" and refers to the neighbors’ door in "hun deur". It comes directly before the noun; use it to show that something belongs to or is associated with other people.
deur
In this dialogue, "deur" means "door" and identifies the place near which the message will be put. It appears in "bij hun deur"; use it when describing a location at someone’s entrance.
leggen
"Leggen" means "put" or "lay" in "het later bij hun deur leggen". It is the action that can be done with the message and follows "kunnen"; use this pattern when describing placing something somewhere.
later
"Later" means "later" and indicates that the message will be placed at a subsequent time. It appears in "het later bij hun deur leggen"; use it when referring to a time after the current moment.