Responsible Paraphrasing and Citation | Learn Dutch in English

About This Lesson

Use Responsible Paraphrasing and Citation to practice Dutch conversation, pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and quizzes.

Dialogue

Ik maak me zorgen dat mijn parafrasen te dicht bij de bronnen blijven.

ik MAHK muh ZOR-ghuhn daht mine pah-rah-FRAH-zuhn tuh DIKHT buy duh BRAH-nuhn BLY-vuhn. I worry that my paraphrases stay too close to the sources.

Een nuttige test is of de zinsbouw veranderd is.

uhn NUT-tuh-ghuh test iss off duh ZINS-bow vuh-RAHN-duhrt iss. A useful test is whether the sentence structure has changed.

Soms verander ik de woordkeuze, maar behoud ik de oorspronkelijke logica.

soms vuh-RAHN-duhr ik duh VOHRT-KUR-zuh, mahr buh-HOWT ik duh OHR-spron-kuh-luh-kuh LOH-ghih-sah. Sometimes I change vocabulary but keep the original logic.

Dan kan de parafrase nog steeds te sterk van de bron afhangen.

dahn kahn duh pah-rah-FRAH-zuh nokh STAYTS tuh STAIRK vahn duh BRAHN AF-hahng-uhn. Then the paraphrase may still depend too heavily on the source.

Ik zou het artikel waarschijnlijk moeten sluiten voordat ik een concept maak.

ik zow uht ar-TEE-kuhl vahr-SKHINE-luhk MOOT-uhn SLOI-tuhn vohr-DAHT ik uhn KUN-SEPT mahk. I should probably close the article before drafting.

Dat kan je ertoe dwingen om het idee in je eigen woorden te reconstrueren.

daht kahn yuh er-TOO DWING-uhn om uht ee-DAY in yuh EYE-ghuhn VOHRT-uhn tuh-reh-kon-STROO-ay-ruhn. That can force you to reconstruct the idea in your own terms.

Ik moet ook bij beweringen een bron vermelden, zelfs als de formulering anders is.

ik MOOT ohk buy buh-VAYR-ing-uhn uhn BRAHN vuh-MELT-uhn, ZELFS ahls duh for-my-LAY-ring AHN-duhrs iss. I should also cite claims even when the wording differs.

Dat is essentieel, omdat ook ideeën aan een bron moeten worden toegeschreven.

daht iss ess-un-TAYL, om-DAHT ohk ee-DAY-uhn ahn uhn BRAHN MOOT-uhn VOR-duhn tuh-SKH-RAY-vuhn. That is essential, because ideas require attribution too.

Word by Word

Ik “Ik” means “I” and identifies the speaker as the person who is worried, changes, or has an obligation. It commonly appears before the verb in a statement such as “Ik maak me zorgen”.

maak “Maak” expresses “make” in “Ik maak me zorgen”, the Dutch expression for being worried. It is a form of maken; a useful pattern is maak + object or expression, such as “maak me zorgen”.

me “Me” refers back to “Ik” in “Ik maak me zorgen”. It is used here as the pronoun inside the expression for being worried, and it can refer to the speaker as the affected person.

zorgen “Zorgen” means worries or concerns in “Ik maak me zorgen”. Together with “maak me” it expresses that the speaker is worried; the citation form is zorg, but this dialogue uses the plural form “zorgen”.

dat “Dat” introduces the content of the worry: “dat mijn parafrasen te dicht bij de bronnen blijven”. It connects the main statement with a following clause explaining what the speaker worries about.

mijn “Mijn” means “my” and shows that the paraphrases belong to or were made by the speaker. It appears directly before the plural noun “parafrasen”, as in “mijn parafrasen”.

parafrasen “Parafrasen” means paraphrases, the rewritten versions being discussed. It is the plural of parafrase and appears after the possessive “mijn” in “mijn parafrasen”.

te In “te dicht bij” and “te sterk” it means “too”, indicating an excessive degree. In “om het idee in je eigen woorden te reconstrueren”, “te” marks the infinitive in the construction “om ... te reconstrueren”.

dicht “Dicht” means close in “te dicht bij de bronnen blijven”. The reusable pattern is dicht bij + a person, place, object, or source.

bij “Bij” means near or close to in “te dicht bij de bronnen”. It commonly follows dicht in the pattern dicht bij + noun.

de “De” is the definite article meaning “the” before “bronnen”. It also appears before “oorspronkelijke logica” and “bron” in this dialogue.

bronnen “Bronnen” means sources, such as the academic materials being paraphrased. It is the plural of bron and appears after “bij” in “bij de bronnen”.

blijven “Blijven” means stay or remain in “te dicht bij de bronnen blijven”. It keeps the idea of remaining in the same relationship to the sources, and it follows “te” here.

Een “Een” means “a” or “an” and introduces one useful test in “Een nuttige test”. Its capital letter comes from its position at the beginning of the sentence.

nuttige “Nuttige” describes the test as useful or helpful. It appears before “test” in “Een nuttige test” and takes this form because it modifies that noun in the phrase.

test “Test” means a test or practical check; here it is a way to judge whether the sentence structure has changed. A reusable expression is een test voor something being evaluated.

is “Is” links “Een nuttige test” with the explanation that follows. It is a form of zijn and appears in “is of de zinsbouw veranderd is”.

of “Of” means whether in “of de zinsbouw veranderd is”. It introduces a clause containing the question being tested, rather than presenting a choice between alternatives.

zinsbouw “Zinsbouw” means sentence structure, especially how the parts of a sentence are arranged. It is the subject in “of de zinsbouw veranderd is”.

veranderd “Veranderd” means changed and describes the sentence structure in “de zinsbouw veranderd is”. It is the past participle of veranderen and is used here with “is”.

Soms “Soms” means sometimes and shows that the speaker changes vocabulary on some occasions, not every time. It commonly appears at the beginning of a sentence, as in “Soms verander ik...”.

verander “Verander” means change in “Soms verander ik de woordkeuze”. It is a form of veranderen and is followed here by the object “de woordkeuze”.

woordkeuze “Woordkeuze” means word choice, referring to the vocabulary selected for the paraphrase. It appears as the object of “verander” in “verander ik de woordkeuze”.

maar “Maar” means but and introduces the contrast between changing vocabulary and retaining the original logic. It connects the two parts of “verander ik de woordkeuze, maar behoud ik...”.

behoud “Behoud” means keep or retain in “maar behoud ik de oorspronkelijke logica”. It is a form of behouden; a useful pattern is iets behouden, meaning to retain something.

oorspronkelijke “Oorspronkelijke” means original and describes the logic as belonging to the source or earlier version. It appears before “logica” in “de oorspronkelijke logica”.

logica “Logica” means logic, here the underlying way the source’s idea is organized. It is the object retained in “behoud ik de oorspronkelijke logica”.

Dan “Dan” means then and presents the consequence of keeping the original logic. It appears at the beginning of “Dan kan de parafrase...” to connect the response to the previous statement.

kan “Kan” means can or may and expresses a possibility in “kan de parafrase ... afhangen”. It is a form of kunnen and is followed by the infinitive “afhangen”.

parafrase “Parafrase” means paraphrase, here the rewritten text that may remain too dependent on the source. It is singular and appears as the subject of “kan ... afhangen”.

nog “Nog” contributes the meaning “still” in “nog steeds”. It indicates that the unwanted dependence has not disappeared, and it is commonly combined with “steeds” for an ongoing situation.

steeds “Steeds” reinforces the continuing meaning in “nog steeds”: the paraphrase continues to depend on the source. Together, “nog steeds” is a reusable expression for something that remains true.

sterk “Sterk” expresses the degree of dependence in “te sterk van de bron afhangen”. With “te” it means too strongly or too heavily, rather than describing physical strength.

van “Van” marks the source or factor on which something depends in “van de bron afhangen”. The reusable pattern is afhangen van + a source, condition, or factor.

bron “Bron” means source, here the source on which the paraphrase depends. It appears in the singular phrase “van de bron”; its plural form “bronnen” also occurs earlier.

afhangen “Afhangen” means depend on in “te sterk van de bron afhangen”. It is used with “van” to identify what the dependence is connected to.

zou “Zou” helps express a tentative recommendation in “Ik zou het artikel waarschijnlijk moeten sluiten”. It is a form of zullen and works here with “moeten” to express what the speaker should probably do.

het “Het” means “the” before “artikel” in “het artikel”. It is also used elsewhere in Dutch as “it”, but in this dialogue it introduces the specific article.

artikel “Artikel” means article, here the source text that the student should close before drafting. It appears after the definite article in “het artikel”.

waarschijnlijk “Waarschijnlijk” means probably and makes the recommendation less absolute. It modifies the idea in “waarschijnlijk moeten sluiten”, indicating that the speaker considers it likely or advisable.

moeten “Moeten” expresses need or obligation in “zou ... moeten sluiten”. It is the infinitive of moeten and follows “zou” in this tentative statement.

sluiten “Sluiten” means close, referring to closing the article before drafting. It appears after “moeten” in “het artikel ... moeten sluiten”.

voordat “Voordat” means before and introduces the action that should happen first in “voordat ik een concept maak”. It is used to connect two actions in time.

concept “Concept” means draft, referring to an initial version of the student’s writing. It appears in the common phrase “een concept maken”.

je “Je” means you and identifies the person who may be forced to reconstruct the idea. In “kan je ertoe dwingen” it functions as the person affected by the action.

ertoe “Ert oe” in “je ertoe dwingen” points forward to the action that follows: reconstructing the idea in one’s own words. It is part of the construction meaning to force someone to carry out a particular action.

dwingen “Dwingen” means force in “je ertoe dwingen om ... te reconstrueren”. It is used with a person and “ertoe” before the action that person is forced to perform.

om “Om” introduces the action connected to “dwingen” in “om het idee ... te reconstrueren”. In this construction it is paired with “te” around the infinitive phrase.

idee “Idee” means idea, here the meaning that must be rebuilt in the student’s own words. It is the object of “reconstrueren” in “het idee ... te reconstrueren”.

in “In” means in and introduces the wording used to express the idea in “in je eigen woorden”. This pattern describes the language or terms used to present something.

eigen “Eigen” means own and emphasizes that the words belong to the speaker’s own phrasing. It modifies “woorden” in “je eigen woorden”.

woorden “Woorden” means words, here the student’s own wording for reconstructing the idea. It is the plural of woord and appears in “in je eigen woorden”.

reconstrueren “Reconstrueren” means reconstruct or rebuild, here by expressing the idea again in one’s own words. It is the infinitive after “te” in “te reconstrueren”.

moet “Moet” expresses an obligation in “Ik moet ook bij beweringen een bron vermelden”. It is a form of moeten and is followed by the infinitive “vermelden”.

ook “Ook” means also or too and adds source citation to the other responsibilities being discussed. It appears before “bij beweringen” in “Ik moet ook...”.

beweringen “Beweringen” means claims or assertions, referring to statements made in academic writing. It is the plural of bewering and appears in “bij beweringen een bron vermelden”.

vermelden “Vermelden” means mention or cite in “een bron vermelden”. In this academic context, it refers to naming a source for a claim, and it follows “moet”.

zelfs “Zelfs” means even and emphasizes that citation is still required under the condition that follows. It appears in the expression “zelfs als de formulering anders is”.

als “Als” means when or if in “zelfs als de formulering anders is”. It introduces the condition under which the claim about citation remains valid.

formulering “Formulering” means wording or formulation, referring to how the claim is expressed. It is the subject in “de formulering anders is”.

anders “Anders” means different or differently; here it says that the wording is different in “de formulering anders is”. It commonly follows a form of zijn when describing a difference.

essentieel “Essentieel” means essential and states that attribution is necessary. It describes the importance of the practice in “Dat is essentieel”.

omdat “Omdat” means because and introduces the reason why attribution is essential. It connects “Dat is essentieel” with “ook ideeën aan een bron moeten worden toegeschreven”.

ideeën “Ideeën” means ideas, referring to the meanings or intellectual content behind the wording. It is the plural of idee and is the subject of “moeten worden toegeschreven”.

aan “Aan” marks the source or recipient to which ideas are attributed in “aan een bron moeten worden toegeschreven”. The reusable pattern is something aan a person or source toeschrijven.

worden “Worden” is used with “toegeschreven” to form the passive meaning “are attributed” in “ideeën ... worden toegeschreven”. It is the infinitive form of worden within the modal construction with “moeten”.

toegeschreven “Toegeschreven” means attributed in “aan een bron moeten worden toegeschreven”. It is the past participle of toeschrijven and appears with “worden” in the passive construction.

Grammar Points

zich zorgen maken: ik maak me zorgen

Ik maak me zorgen voordat ik een bron vermeld.

ik MAHK muh ZOR-ghuhn vohr-DAHT ik uhn BRAHN vuh-MELT.

I worry before I cite a source.

This fixed verb uses a reflexive pronoun: ik → me. The pronoun changes with the subject.

voordat + bijzin: het werkwoord staat achteraan

Voordat ik een bron vermeld, verander ik de oorspronkelijke formulering.

vohr-DAHT ik uhn BRAHN vuh-MELT, vuh-RAHN-duhr ik duh OHR-spron-kuh-luh-kuh for-my-LAY-ring.

Before I cite a source, I change the original wording.

After voordat, the subordinate-clause verb comes at the end: een bron vermeld.

Dutch Vocabulary

afhangen van phrase

AF-hahng-uhn vahn to depend on afhangen

De parafrase kan nog steeds te sterk van de bron afhangen.

behouden verb

buh-HOW-duhn to retain; to keep behoud

Maar behoud ik de oorspronkelijke logica.

bron noun

BRAHN source bronnen

Ik maak me zorgen dat mijn parafrasen te dicht bij de bronnen blijven.

dicht bij phrase

DIKHT buy close to

Mijn parafrasen blijven te dicht bij de bronnen.

logica noun

LOH-ghih-sah logic

Ik behoud de oorspronkelijke logica.

nuttig adj

NUT-tikh useful nuttige

Een nuttige test is of de zinsbouw veranderd is.

oorspronkelijk adj

OHR-SPRONK-uh-luhk original oorspronkelijke

De oorspronkelijke logica.

parafrase noun

pah-rah-FRAH-zuh paraphrase parafrasen

Ik maak me zorgen dat mijn parafrasen te dicht bij de bronnen blijven.

veranderen verb

vuh-RAHN-duhr-uhn to change verander

Soms verander ik de woordkeuze.

woordkeuze noun

VOHRT-KUR-zuh choice of words; wording

Soms verander ik de woordkeuze, maar behoud ik de oorspronkelijke logica.

zich zorgen maken phrase

zikh ZOR-ghuhn MAH-kuhn to worry maak me zorgen

Ik maak me zorgen dat mijn parafrasen te dicht bij de bronnen blijven.

zinsbouw noun

ZINS-bow sentence structure

Een nuttige test is of de zinsbouw veranderd is.

Quiz

Spelling

Tap the letters to spell the word.

to retain; to keep

Show Answer

behoud

paraphrase

Show Answer

parafrasen

to change

Show Answer

verander

useful

Show Answer

nuttige