今
今 means “now” in 今、わかりました, marking the point at which the speaker understands. It is commonly used to say that something is happening or becoming true at the present time.
わかりました
わかりました means “understood” here: the speaker has understood something now. It is the polite past form related to わかる, and it can be used as a polite response when someone has explained something.
わかりません
わかりません means “I do not understand” in this dialogue. It is the polite negative form related to わかる, and it is used when information or an explanation is not clear to the speaker.
知りません
知りません means “I do not know” here. It is the polite negative form related to 知る, and it can be used when the speaker does not have information or does not know a person.
どういう
どういう asks what kind or what sort of meaning is intended in どういう意味ですか. It is used when asking someone to clarify what an expression or statement means.
意味
意味 means “meaning” in どういう意味ですか. It names the meaning being asked about, and it commonly appears when discussing the meaning of a word or expression.
です
です gives the polite “is” or “means” ending after 意味 in どういう意味ですか. Together with か in ですか, it forms a polite question.
か
か marks the sentence as a question at the end of どういう意味ですか. It is commonly placed at the end of a polite question.
私
私 identifies the speaker as “I” in 私の言っていることがわかりますか. With の, it forms 私の, meaning “my” in this sentence.
の
の connects 私 to the following expression in 私の, showing that the saying belongs to or comes from the speaker. It is commonly used to connect a person or thing to a following noun or noun phrase.
言っている
言っている means “is saying” in 私の言っていること, referring to what the speaker is saying. Its citation form is 言う, and this form is used when referring to speech that is ongoing or relevant now.
こと
こと refers to the matter or content in 私の言っていること, namely what the speaker is saying. It helps refer to the content of an action or statement as a matter.
が
が marks 私の言っていること as the content whose understandability is being asked about in 私の言っていることがわかりますか. A reusable question pattern places the understood content before がわかりますか.
わかります
わかります means “understand” in 私の言っていることがわかりますか. It is the polite form related to わかる, and the pattern がわかりますか asks whether someone understands the preceding content.
彼
彼 refers to a male person in 彼を知っていますか. In this dialogue, it identifies the person whom the listener may or may not know.
を
を marks 彼 as the person connected to knowing in 彼を知っていますか. A reusable question pattern places the person before を知っていますか when asking whether someone knows that person.
知っています
知っています means “know” or “be acquainted with” in 彼を知っていますか. It uses 知っている to express the state of knowing and is made polite here; the question asks whether the listener knows him.